Saint Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica
On the Sacraments of
Penance and Holy Eucharist

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73. OF THE SACRAMENT OF THE EUCHARIST
A[1] Whether the Eucharist is a sacrament?
A[2] Whether the Eucharist is one sacrament or several?
A[3] Whether the Eucharist is necessary for salvation?
A[4] Whether this sacrament is suitably called by various names?
A[5] Whether the institution of this sacrament was appropriate?
A[6] Whether the Paschal Lamb was the chief figure of this sacrament?

74. OF THE MATTER OF THIS SACRAMENT
A[1] Whether the matter of this sacrament is bread and wine?
A[2] Whether a determinate quantity of bread and wine is required for the matter of this sacrament?
A[3] Whether wheaten bread is required for the matter of this sacrament?
A[4] Whether this sacrament ought to be made of unleavened bread?
A[5] Whether wine of the grape is the proper matter of this sacrament?
A[6] Whether water should be mixed with the wine?
A[7] Whether the mixing with water is essential to this sacrament?
A[8] Whether water should be added in great quantity?

75. OF THE CHANGE OF BREAD AND WINE INTO THE BODY AND BLOOD OF CHRIST
A[1] Whether the body of Christ be in this sacrament in very truth, or merely as in a figure or sign?
A[2] Whether in this sacrament the substance of the bread and wine remains after the consecration?
A[3] Whether the substance of the bread or wine is annihilated after the consecration of this sacrament, or dissolved into their original matter?
A[4] Whether bread can be converted into the body of Christ?
A[5] Whether the accidents of the bread and wine remain in this sacrament after the change?
A[6] Whether the substantial form of the bread remains in this sacrament after the consecration?
A[7] Whether this change is wrought instantaneously?
A[8] Whether this proposition is false: "The body of Christ is made out of bread"?

76. OF THE WAY IN WHICH CHRIST IS IN THIS SACRAMENT
A[1] Whether the whole Christ is contained under this sacrament?
A[2] Whether the whole Christ is contained under each species of this sacrament?
A[3] Whether Christ is entire under every part of the species of the bread and wine?
A[4] Whether the whole dimensive quantity of Christ's body is in this sacrament?
A[5] Whether Christ's body is in this sacrament as in a place?
A[6] Whether Christ's body is in this sacrament movably?
A[7] Whether the body of Christ, as it is in this sacrament, can be seen by any eye, at least by a glorified one?
A[8] Whether Christ's body is truly there when flesh or a child appears miraculously in this sacrament?

77. OF THE ACCIDENTS WHICH REMAIN IN THIS SACRAMENT
A[1] Whether the accidents remain in this sacrament without a subject?
A[2] Whether in this sacrament the dimensive quantity of the bread or wine is the subject of the other accidents?
A[3] Whether the species remaining in this sacrament can change external objects?
A[4] Whether the sacramental species can be corrupted?
A[5] Whether anything can be generated from the sacramental species?
A[6] Whether the sacramental species can nourish?
A[7] Whether the sacramental species are broken in this sacrament?
A[8] Whether any liquid can be mingled with the consecrated wine?

78. OF THE FORM OF THIS SACRAMENT
A[1] Whether this is the form of this sacrament: "This is My body," and "This is the chalice of My blood"?
A[2] Whether this is the proper form for the consecration of the bread: "This is My body"?
A[3] Whether this is the proper form for the consecration of the wine: "This is the chalice of My blood," etc.?
A[4] Whether in the aforesaid words of the forms there be any created power which causes the consecration?
A[5] Whether the aforesaid expressions are true?
A[6] Whether the form of the consecration of the bread accomplishes its effect before the form of the consecration of the wine be completed?

79. OF THE EFFECTS OF THIS SACRAMENT
A[1] Whether grace is bestowed through this sacrament?
A[2] Whether the attaining of glory is an effect of this sacrament?
A[3] Whether the forgiveness of mortal sin is an effect of this sacrament?
A[4] Whether venial sins are forgiven through this sacrament?
A[5] Whether the entire punishment due to sin is forgiven through this sacrament?
A[6] Whether man is preserved by this sacrament from future sins?
A[7] Whether this sacrament benefit others besides the recipients?
A[8] Whether the effect of this sacrament is hindered by venial sin?

80. OF THE USE OR RECEIVING OF THIS SACRAMENT IN GENERAL
A[1] Whether there are two ways to be distinguished of eating Christ's body?
A[2] Whether it belongs to man alone to eat this sacrament spiritually?
A[3] Whether the just man alone may eat Christ sacramentally?
A[4] Whether the sinner sins in receiving Christ's body sacramentally?
A[5] Whether to approach this sacrament with consciousness of sin is the gravest of all sins?
A[6] Whether the priest ought to deny the body of Christ to the sinner seeking it?
A[7] Whether the seminal loss that occurs during sleep hinders anyone from receiving this sacrament?
A[8] Whether food or drink taken beforehand hinders the receiving of this sacrament?
A[9] Whether those who have not the use of reason ought to receive this sacrament?
A[10] Whether it is lawful to receive this sacrament daily?
A[11] Whether it is lawful to abstain altogether from communion?
A[12] Whether it is lawful to receive the body of Christ without the blood?

81. OF THE USE WHICH CHRIST MADE OF THIS SACRAMENT AT ITS INSTITUTION
A[1] Whether Christ received His own body and blood?
A[2] Whether Christ gave His body to Judas?
A[3] Whether Christ received and gave to the disciples His impassible body?
A[4] Whether, if this sacrament had been reserved in a pyx, or consecrated at the moment of Christ's death by one of the apostles, Christ Himself would have died there?

82. OF THE MINISTER OF THIS SACRAMENT
A[1] Whether the consecration of this sacrament belongs to a priest alone?
A[2] Whether several priests can consecrate one and the same host?
A[3] Whether dispensing of this sacrament belongs to a priest alone?
A[4] Whether the priest who consecrates is bound to receive this sacrament?
A[5] Whether a wicked priest can consecrate the Eucharist?
A[6] Whether the mass of a sinful priest is of less worth than the mass of a good priest?
A[7] Whether heretics, schismatics, and excommunicated persons can consecrate?
A[8] Whether a degraded priest can consecrate this sacrament?
A[9] Whether it is permissible to receive communion from heretical, excommunicate, or sinful priests, and to hear mass said by them?
A[10] Whether it is lawful for a priest to refrain entirely from consecrating the Eucharist?

83. OF THE RITE OF THIS SACRAMENT
A[1] Whether Christ is sacrificed in this sacrament?
A[2] Whether the time for celebrating this mystery has been properly determined?
A[3] Whether this sacrament ought to be celebrated in a house and with sacred vessels?
A[4] Whether the words spoken in this sacrament are properly framed?
A[5] Whether the actions performed in celebrating this sacrament are becoming?
A[6] Whether the defects occurring during the celebration of this sacrament can be sufficiently met by observing the Church's statutes?

84. OF THE SACRAMENT OF PENANCE
A[1] Whether Penance is a sacrament?
A[2] Whether sins are the proper matter of this sacrament?
A[3] Whether the form of this sacrament is: "I absolve thee"?
A[4] Whether the imposition of the priest's hands is necessary for this sacrament?
A[5] Whether this sacrament is necessary for salvation?
A[6] Whether Penance is a second plank after shipwreck?
A[7] Whether this sacrament was suitably instituted in the New Law?
A[8] Whether Penance should last till the end of life?
A[9] Whether Penance can be continuous?
A[10] Whether the sacrament of Penance may be repeated?

85. OF PENANCE AS A VIRTUE
A[1] Whether Penance is a virtue?
A[2] Whether Penance is a special virtue?
A[3] Whether the virtue of penance is a species of justice?
A[4] Whether the will is properly the subject of penance?
A[5] Whether penance originates from fear?
A[6] Whether penance is the first of the virtues?

86. OF THE EFFECT OF PENANCE, AS REGARDS THE PARDON OF MORTAL SIN
A[1] Whether all sins are taken away by Penance?
A[2] Whether sin can be pardoned without Penance?
A[3] Whether by Penance one sin can be pardoned without another?
A[4] Whether the debt of punishment remains after the guilt has been forgiven through Penance?
A[5] Whether the remnants of sin are removed when a mortal sin is forgiven?
A[6] Whether the forgiveness of guilt is an effect of Penance?

87. OF THE REMISSION OF VENIAL SIN
A[1] Whether venial sin can be forgiven without Penance?
A[2] Whether infusion of grace is necessary for the remission of venial sins?
A[3] Whether venial sins are removed by the sprinkling of holy water and the like?
A[4] Whether venial sin can be taken away without mortal sin?

88. OF THE RETURN OF SINS WHICH HAVE BEEN TAKEN AWAY BY PENANCE
A[1] Whether sins once forgiven return through a subsequent sin?
A[2] Whether sins that have been forgiven, return through ingratitude which is shown especially in four kinds of sin?
A[3] Whether the debt of punishment that arises through ingratitude in respect of a subsequent sin is as great as that of the sins previously pardoned?
A[4] Whether the ingratitude whereby a subsequent sin causes the return of previous sins, is a special sin?

89. OF THE RECOVERY OF VIRTUE BY MEANS OF PENANCE
A[1] Whether the virtues are restored through Penance?
A[2] Whether, after Penance, man rises again to equal virtue?
A[3] Whether, by Penance, man is restored to his former dignity?
A[4] Whether virtuous deeds done in charity can be deadened?
A[5] Whether deeds deadened by sin, are revived by Penance?
A[6] Whether the effect of subsequent Penance is to quicken even dead works?

90. OF THE PARTS OF PENANCE, IN GENERAL
A[1] Whether Penance should be assigned any parts?
A[2] Whether contrition, confession, and satisfaction are fittingly assigned as parts of Penance?
A[3] Whether these three are integral parts of Penance?
A[4] Whether Penance is fittingly divided into penance before Baptism, penance for mortal sins, and penance for venial sins?

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Saint Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica Eucharist & Penance